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The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff, south of the confluence of the Wolf and Mississippi rivers. Memphis had a population of 6. It is the largest city on the Mississippi River, the third largest in the greater Southeastern United States, and the 2. United States. The greater Memphis metropolitan area, including adjacent counties in Mississippi and Arkansas, had a 2. Holmes, writing in Hudson's Four Centuries of Southern Indians, notes that there was a third strategic point in the late 1. European powers could control American encroachment and their interference with Indian matters—after Fort Nogales (present day Vicksburg) and Fort Confederaci. Spain and the United States vied for control of this site, which was a favorite of the Chickasaws. The United States gained the right to navigate the Mississippi River and won control over the Yazoo Strip north of the thirty- first parallel. Captain Isaac Guion led an American force down the Ohio River to claim the land, arriving on July 2. By this time, the Spanish had departed. Located in the low- lying delta region along the river, its outlying areas were developed as cotton plantations, and the city became a major cotton market and brokerage center. The cotton economy of the antebellum South depended on the forced labor of large numbers of African- American slaves, and Memphis also developed as a major slave market for the domestic slave trade. Memphis is a city in the southwestern corner of the U.S. The city is located on the fourth Chickasaw Bluff.Through the early 1. Upper South, in a huge forced migration to newly developed plantation areas. Many were transported by steamboats along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. In 1. 85. 7, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was completed, connecting the Atlantic Coast of South Carolina and this major Mississippi River port; it was the only east- west railroad constructed across the southern states prior to the Civil War. This gave planters and cotton brokers access to the Atlantic Coast for shipping cotton to England, a major market. The city's demographics changed dramatically in the 1. The United States Postal Service (USPS; also known as the Post Office, U.S. Mail, or Postal Service) is an independent agency of the United States federal government. Due to increased immigration since the 1. Great Famine, ethnic Irish made up 9. They also gained many elected and patronage positions in the Democratic Party city government, and an Irish man was elected as mayor before the Civil War. At that time, representatives were elected to the city council from 3. The elite were worried about corruption in this system and that so many saloonkeepers were active in the wards. German immigrants also made this city a destination following the 1. Irish and Germans were mostly Catholic, adding another element to demographic change in this formerly Protestant city. ![]() Tennessee seceded from the Union in June 1. Memphis briefly became a Confederate stronghold. Unionironclad gunboats captured the city in the naval Battle of Memphis on June 6, 1. Union Army for the duration of the war. The Union Army commanders allowed the city to maintain its civil government during most of this period but excluded Confederate veterans from office, which shifted political dynamics in the city as the war went on. Meanwhile, Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest harassed Union forces in the area. 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Two whites were killed in the riot. Their population fell to about 1. The main fighting participants were ethnic Irish, decommissioned black Union soldiers, and newly emancipated freedmen from the African- American community. Walker suggests that most of the mob were not in direct economic conflict with the blacks, as by then the Irish had attained better jobs, but the Irish were establishing dominance over the freedmen. The outrages of the riot in Memphis and a similar one in New Orleans in September (the latter did include Confederate veterans) resulted in support in the North for Congress to pass the Reconstruction Act and the Fourteenth Amendment. During the Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1. July 2. 6 and November 2. The vast majority of them died of yellow fever, making the epidemic in the city of 4. United States' history. Within four days of the Memphis Board of Health's declaration of a yellow fever outbreak, 2. The panic ensuing left the poverty- stricken, the working classes, and the African American community at the disposal of the epidemic. Those who remained in Memphis relied on volunteers from religious and physician organizations to tend to the sick. By the end of the year, more than 5,0. Memphis. The New Orleans health board listed . The Mississippi Valley experienced 1. The $1. 5 million in losses caused by the epidemic bankrupted the city of Memphis, and as a result their charter was revoked. By 1. 87. 0, Memphis's population of 4. Nashville and Atlanta, ranking it second only to New Orleans as the largest city in the South. The panic of 1. 87. Memphis's underclasses to swell amidst the poverty and hardship the panic wrought, giving further credence to Memphis being a rough, shiftless city. Also, Memphis had a reputation for being a dirty city leading up to outbreak in 1. Two yellow fever epidemics, cholera and malaria had given Memphis a reputation as a sickly city and a filthy one. It was unheard of for a city with a population as large as the one in Memphis to have no waterworks—the city still relied entirely on the river and rain cisterns to collect water, and there was no way to remove sewage. Kate Bionda, an owner of an Italian . The same trains and steamboats that brought thousands into Memphis now carried away over 2. Memphians, more than half of the population, in a span of five days. In July of that year, the city boasted a population of 4. By September, 1. 9,0. Neither of these two groups had the capacity to flee the city like the middle and upper class whites of Memphis, and thus they were subjected to a city of death. Immediately following the Board of Health's declaration, a Citizen's Relief Committee was formed by Charles G. Fisher, and proceeded to organize the city into refugee camps. The committee's main priority was separating the poor from the city and isolating them into refugee camps. Physicians of the epidemic reported seeing as many as 1. Mary's Hospital played an important role during the epidemic caring for the lower classes. Already home to a girls' school and church orphanage, the sisters of St. Mary's also sought to provide care for the Canfield Asylum, a home for black children. Each day, the sisters alternated caring for the orphans at St. Mary's, delivering children to the Canfield Asylum and taking soup and medicine on house calls to patients. They later became known as . Though yellow fever cases would continue to appear in the pages of Elmwood Cemetery's burial record as late as February 2. Over the next year property tax revenues collapsed, and the city could not make payments on its municipal debts. As a result of this crisis, Memphis temporarily lost its city charter and was reclassified by the state legislature as a Taxing District from 1. A new municipal government in 1. Nearly all of Memphis's upper and middle classes vanished, depriving the city of its general leadership and class structure that dictated everyday life similar to other large Southern Cities like New Orleans, Charleston, and Atlanta. This put Memphis in a unique position, one in which poorer whites and blacks fundamentally made up the city and played the greatest role in reestablishing the city. The epidemic had made Memphis a less cosmopolitan place, with an economy that serviced the cotton trade and a population drawn increasingly from poor white and black Southerners. Hadden faction working to deprive them of votes by disenfranchising blacks. The state had enacted several laws, including the requirement of poll taxes, that served to disenfranchise many blacks. Although political party factions in the future sometimes paid poll taxes to enable blacks to vote, African Americans lost their last positions on the city council in this election and were forced out of the police force. Wrenn suggests the heightened political hostility of the Democratic contest and related social tensions contributed to a white mob lynching three black grocers in Memphis in 1. Wells of Memphis investigated the lynchings, as one of the men killed was a friend of hers. She demonstrated that these and other lynchings were more often due to economic and social competition than any criminal offenses by black men. Her findings were so controversial and aroused so much anger that she was forced to move away from the city, although she continued to investigate and publish the abuses of lynching. The annexation measure was finally approved by the state legislature through a compromise achieved with real estate magnates, and the area annexed was slightly smaller than first proposed. The commission form of government was believed effective in getting things done, but it reduced representation of the city's full population. Into the 1. 95. 0s, it was the world's largest mule market. He gained a state law in 1. The city retained a form of commission government until 1. Crump. Per the publisher's summary of L. B. Wrenn's study of the period, . ![]() Samsung, Motorola, Sony, LG, HTC, ASUS, Huawei. USB Driver is a compulsory thing to be installed on you PC so that your mobile device can interact with your PC. These drivers help us to connect our phone to the computer and perform tasks like transferring data, syncing your device with a PC, using tools like Odin, Sony Flashtool, and Super. One. Click, and rooting and flashing firmwares on your device. 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After the feasibility of the world's first artificial nuclear reactor was demonstrated in Chicago at the Metallurgical Laboratory, it designed the X- 1. Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge and the production reactors in Hanford, Washington, in which uranium was irradiated and transmuted into plutonium. The plutonium was then chemically separated from the uranium. The Fat Man implosion- type weapon was developed in a concerted design and development effort by the Los Alamos Laboratory. The project was also charged with gathering intelligence on the German nuclear weapon project. Through Operation Alsos, Manhattan Project personnel served in Europe, sometimes behind enemy lines, where they gathered nuclear materials and documents, and rounded up German scientists. Despite the Manhattan Project's tight security, Soviet atomic spies still penetrated the program. 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Roosevelt chose the Army to run the project rather than the Navy, because the Army had more experience with management of large- scale construction projects. He also agreed to coordinate the effort with that of the British, and on 1. October he sent a message to Prime Minister Winston Churchill, suggesting that they correspond on atomic matters. Lawrence and his team at the University of California, Berkeley, investigated electromagnetic separation, while Eger Murphree and Jesse Wakefield Beams's team looked into gaseous diffusion at Columbia University, and Philip Abelson directed research into thermal diffusion at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and later the Naval Research Laboratory. This was approved by Bush, Conant, and Brigadier General. Wilhelm D. Styer, the chief of staff of Major General. Brehon B. Somervell's Services of Supply, who had been designated the Army's representative on nuclear matters. The Top Policy Group in turn sent it to the President on 1. June 1. 94. 2 and he approved it by writing . Robert Oppenheimer of the University of California, Berkeley, to take over research into fast neutron calculations—the key to calculations of critical mass and weapon detonation—from Gregory Breit, who had quit on 1. May 1. 94. 2 because of concerns over lax operational security. Manley, a physicist at the Metallurgical Laboratory, was assigned to assist Oppenheimer by contacting and coordinating experimental physics groups scattered across the country. To review this work and the general theory of fission reactions, Oppenheimer and Fermi convened meetings at the University of Chicago in June and at the University of California, Berkeley, in July 1. Hans Bethe, John Van Vleck, Edward Teller, Emil Konopinski, Robert Serber, Stan Frankel, and Eldred C. Nelson, the latter three former students of Oppenheimer, and experimental physicists. Emilio Segr. They tentatively confirmed that a fission bomb was theoretically possible. The properties of pure uranium- 2. February 1. 94. 1 by Glenn Seaborg and his team. The scientists at the Berkeley conference envisioned creating plutonium in nuclear reactors where uranium- 2. At this point no reactor had been built, and only tiny quantities of plutonium were available from cyclotrons. The simplest was shooting a . Tolman, and the possibility of autocatalytic methods, which would increase the efficiency of the bomb as it exploded. Edward Teller pushed for discussion of a more powerful bomb: the . The fusion idea was put aside to concentrate on producing fission bombs. It somehow got into a document that went to Washington. Marshall to head the Army's part of the project in June 1. Marshall created a liaison office in Washington, D. C., but established his temporary headquarters on the 1. Broadway in New York, where he could draw on administrative support from the Corps of Engineers' North Atlantic Division. It was close to the Manhattan office of Stone & Webster, the principal project contractor, and to Columbia University. He had permission to draw on his former command, the Syracuse District, for staff, and he started with Lieutenant Colonel. Kenneth Nichols, who became his deputy. Robbins, and his deputy, Colonel Leslie Groves. Reybold, Somervell and Styer decided to call the project . Since engineer districts normally carried the name of the city where they were located, Marshall and Groves agreed to name the Army's component of the project the Manhattan District. This became official on 1. August, when Reybold issued the order creating the new district. Informally, it was known as the Manhattan Engineer District, or MED. Unlike other districts, it had no geographic boundaries, and Marshall had the authority of a division engineer. Development of Substitute Materials remained as the official codename of the project as a whole, but was supplanted over time by . The War Production Board recommended sites around Knoxville, Tennessee, an isolated area where the Tennessee Valley Authority could supply ample electric power and the rivers could provide cooling water for the reactors. After examining several sites, the survey team selected one near Elza, Tennessee. Conant advised that it be acquired at once and Styer agreed but Marshall temporized, awaiting the results of Conant's reactor experiments before taking action. The first step was to obtain a high priority rating for the project. The top ratings were AA- 1 through AA- 4 in descending order, although there was also a special AAA rating reserved for emergencies. Ratings AA- 1 and AA- 2 were for essential weapons and equipment, so Colonel Lucius D. Clay, the deputy chief of staff at Services and Supply for requirements and resources, felt that the highest rating he could assign was AA- 3, although he was willing to provide a AAA rating on request for critical materials if the need arose. 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